Personality disorders

Explains personality disorders, including possible causes and how you can access treatment and support. Includes tips for helping yourself, and guidance for friends and family.

This page is also available in Welsh.

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What types of personality disorder are there?

Currently psychiatrists tend to use a system of diagnosis which identifies ten types of personality disorder. These are grouped into three categories.

Suspicious:

Emotional and impulsive:

Anxious:

Each personality disorder has its own set of diagnostic criteria. To get a specific diagnosis you must meet some of these criteria. The minimum amount you need to meet is different for different types, but it should always be more than one or two. If you meet criteria for more than one type this may be called mixed personality disorder.

It is also possible to get a diagnosis without meeting the full criteria for a specific type. This is known as personality disorder not otherwise specified (PD-NOS) or personality disorder trait specified.

A wide range of people may get the same diagnosis, despite having very different personalities and different individual experiences. Your experience of living with a personality disorder will be unique to you.

A controversial diagnosis

Our understanding of what it means to experience a personality disorder is constantly evolving. It is a controversial diagnosis. People have different views about these terms, and not everyone agrees with using them.

The important thing to remember is that the feelings and behaviours associated with personality disorders are very difficult to live with. However you understand your diagnosis, and whatever terms you prefer to use, you deserve understanding and support.

Paranoid personality disorder

The thoughts, feelings and experiences associated with paranoia may cause you to:

find it hard to confide in people, even your friends and family
find it very difficult to trust other people, believing they will use you or take advantage of you
have difficulty relaxing
read threats and danger (which others don't see) into everyday situations, innocent remarks or casual looks from others.

This might become such a big problem in your life that you are given a diagnosis of paranoid personality disorder. See our page on paranoia for more information.

"I suffer from extreme paranoia and most people find this extremely irritating and become angry with me when I'm paranoid."

Schizoid personality disorder

Many people with schizoid personality disorder are able to function fairly well. Unlike in schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, you would not usually have psychotic symptoms. However, as a result of the thoughts and feelings associated with this diagnosis you may:

find difficulty forming close relationships with other people
choose to live your life without interference from others
prefer to be alone with your own thoughts
not experience pleasure from many activities
have little interest in sex or intimacy
have difficulty relating to or are emotionally cold towards others.

Schizotypal personality disorder

Everyone has their own eccentricities or awkward behaviours. But if your patterns of thinking and behaving make relating to others very difficult, you may receive a diagnosis of schizotypal personality disorder.

Unlike in schizophrenia, you usually would not experience psychosis. However, you may:

experience distorted thoughts or perceptions
find making close relationships extremely difficult
think and express yourself in ways that others find 'odd', using unusual words or phrases, making relating to others difficult
believe that you can read minds or that you have special powers such as a 'sixth sense'
feel anxious and tense with others who do not share these beliefs
feel very anxious and paranoid in social situations, finding it hard to relate to others.

See our pages on schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder for more information on the feelings and symptoms associated with schizoid and schizotypal personality disorders.

"I always feel rather 'thrown' when someone doesn't do what I expect them to do. Knowing there are lots of ways in which the problem could be approached would have made me feel a lot more prepared for what came next."

Antisocial personality disorder

It is natural to sometimes put our own needs, pleasure or personal gain before those of others around us. However, if these actions occur very frequently and you struggle to keep stability in your life, or you regularly act impulsively out of anger or lack of consideration for others, this could lead to a diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder.

You may:

put yourself in dangerous or risky situations, often without thinking about the consequences for yourself or other people
behave dangerously and sometimes illegally (you may have a criminal record)
behave in ways that are unpleasant for others
feel very easily bored and act on impulse – for example, you may find it difficult to hold down a job for long
behave aggressively and get into fights easily
do things even though they may hurt people – to get what you want, putting your needs and desires above other people's
have problems with empathy – for example, you may not feel or show any sense of guilt if you have mistreated others
have had a diagnosis of conduct disorder before the age of 15.

This diagnosis includes 'psychopathy' and 'sociopathy'. These terms are no longer used in the Mental Health Act but a 'psychopathy checklist' questionnaire may be used in your assessment.

Andrew smiling and wearing a shirt and tie

Life with Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD)

"As a child anger seemed to be my only way to express how I felt."

Read Andrew's story

Borderline personality disorder (BPD)

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is also known as emotionally unstable personality disorder (EUPD).

We can all experience difficulties with our relationships, self-image and emotions. But you might get a diagnosis of BPD/EUPD if these feel consistently unstable or intense and cause you significant problems in daily life.

You may:

feel very worried about people abandoning you, and either do anything to stop that happening or push them away
have very intense emotions that can change quickly (for example, from feeling very happy and confident in the morning to feeling low and sad in the afternoon)
not have a strong sense of who you are or what you want from life, with your ideas about this changing significantly depending on who you're with
find it very hard to make and keep stable relationships or friendships
act impulsively and do things that could harm you (such as binge eating, using drugs or driving dangerously)
have suicidal thoughts
self-harm
feel empty and lonely a lot of the time
get very angry, and struggle to control your anger
struggle to trust other people
experience other mental health problems alongside BPD, including anxiety, depression, eating problems and post-traumatic stress disorder.

When very stressed, sometimes you might:

feel paranoid
have psychotic experiences, such as seeing or hearing things that other people don't
feel numb or 'checked out' and not remember things very well after they've happened (known as dissociation).

BPD is currently the most commonly diagnosed personality disorder. You can read more about it on our pages on borderline personality disorder (BPD).

"BPD is like having no emotional buffer. I can go from nothing to suddenly extremely overwhelming emotions and I struggle with expressing them healthily."

Histrionic personality disorder

Most people enjoy being given compliments or positive feedback about their actions. But if you depend very heavily on being noticed, or are seeking approval so much that this affects your day-to-day living, you might get a diagnosis of histrionic personality disorder.

You may:

feel very uncomfortable if you are not the centre of attention
feel that you have to entertain people
constantly seek, or feel dependent on, the approval of others
make rash decisions
flirt or behave/dress provocatively to ensure that you remain the centre of attention
get a reputation for being dramatic and overemotional
be easily influenced by others.

"After being told my diagnosis I was then able to understand how and why I behaved the way I did: my life made a little bit more sense."

Narcissistic personality disorder

It is human nature to be aware of our own needs, to express them, and to want others to be aware of our abilities and achievements. These are not bad traits. However, if these thoughts, feelings and behaviours are very extreme and cause problems in relating to others, you may get a diagnosis of narcissistic personality disorder.

You may:

believe that there are special reasons that make you different, better or more deserving than others
have fragile self-esteem, so that you rely on others to recognise your worth and your needs
feel upset if others ignore you and don't give you what you feel you deserve
resent other people's successes
put your own needs above other people's, and demand they do too
be seen as selfish and dismissive or unaware of other people's needs.

Avoidant personality disorder

We all have things, places or people we don't like, or which make us anxious. But if these things cause so much anxiety that you struggle to maintain relationships in your life, you may get a diagnosis of avoidant personality disorder (sometimes also called anxious personality disorder).

You may:

avoid work or social activities that mean you must be with others
expect disapproval and criticism and be very sensitive to it
worry constantly about being 'found out' and rejected
worry about being ridiculed or shamed by others
avoid relationships, friendships and intimacy because you fear rejection
feel lonely and isolated, and inferior to others
be reluctant to try new activities in case you embarrass yourself.

See our pages on anxiety and panic attacks for more information on how to cope with anxiety.

Dependent personality disorder

It is natural to need other people to care for us or give us reassurance sometimes. A healthy balance involves being able to both depend on others as well as being independent from others sometimes. However, if feelings and thoughts about needing others become so overwhelming that they impact your daily life and relationships, you may get a diagnosis of dependent personality disorder.

You may:

feel needy, 'weak' and unable to make decisions or function day-to-day without help or support from others
allow or require others to assume responsibility for many areas of your life
agree to things you feel are wrong or you dislike to avoid being alone or losing someone's support
be very afraid of being left to fend for yourself
have low self-confidence
see other people as being much more capable than you are.

Obsessive compulsive personality disorder (OCPD)

Obsessive compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) is separate from obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), which describes a form of behaviour rather than a type of personality.

However, similarly to OCD, OCPD involves problems with perfectionism, the need for control, and significant difficulty being flexible in how you think about things.

You may:

need to keep everything in order and under control
set unrealistically high standards for yourself and others
think yours is the best way of doing things
worry about you or others making mistakes
feel very anxious if things aren't 'perfect'.

See our page on self-care for obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) for information about managing the symptoms of OCD. You can also find more information about OCPD on the OCD UK website.

Personality disorder not otherwise specified (PD-NOS)

Everybody is individual and behaves in unique ways, so it is only natural to not fit neatly into the categories described above.

If you experience some personality disorder traits but not enough to fully meet the criteria of a specific type, you may receive a diagnosis of personality disorder not otherwise specified (PD-NOS).

This diagnosis may also be known as personality disorder trait specified (PD-TS). These names can sound like opposites, but they both focus on the fact that you have some personality disorder traits but not enough of one type.