Anxiety and panic attacks

Explains anxiety and panic attacks, including possible causes and how you can access treatment and support. Includes tips for helping yourself, and guidance for friends and family.

Mae'r dudalen hon hefyd ar gael yn Gymraeg. This link will take you to a Welsh translation of this page.

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What are the symptoms of anxiety?

Anxiety feels different for everyone. You might experience some of the physical and mental effects listed on this page, as well as effects in other areas of your life.

You might also have experiences or difficulties with anxiety that aren't recognised here.

This page covers:

Effects of anxiety on your body

These can include:

a churning feeling in your stomach
feeling light-headed or dizzy
pins and needles
feeling restless or unable to sit still
headaches, backache or other aches and pains
faster breathing
a fast, thumping or irregular heartbeat
sweating or hot flushes
sleep problems
grinding your teeth, especially at night
nausea (feeling sick)
needing the toilet more or less often
changes in your sex drive
having panic attacks.

The physical effects of anxiety

Watch Alex talk about the physical impact anxiety has on his body in this video:

Effects of anxiety on your mind

These can include:

feeling tense, nervous or unable to relax
having a sense of dread, or fearing the worst
feeling like the world is speeding up or slowing down
feeling like other people can see you're anxious and are looking at you
feeling like you can't stop worrying, or that bad things will happen if you stop worrying
worrying about anxiety itself, for example worrying about when panic attacks might happen
wanting lots of reassurance from other people or worrying that people are angry or upset with you
worrying that you're losing touch with reality
low mood and depression
rumination – thinking a lot about bad experiences, or thinking over a situation again and again
depersonalisation – a type of dissociation where you feel disconnected from your mind or body, or like you are a character that you are watching in a film
derealisation – another type of dissociation where you feel disconnected from the world around you, or like the world isn't real
worrying a lot about things that might happen in the future – you can read more about these sorts of worries on the Anxiety UK website.

I could feel all these physical symptoms building inside me, literally filling every part of my body until I felt completely light-headed and disembodied.

Anxiety and physical health problems

Some studies suggest that experiencing anxiety could increase the risk of developing certain long-term physical health problems, including diabetes, stomach ulcers and heart problems. But there's not enough evidence to say for sure exactly what the risks are, or what groups of people are most likely to be affected.

Having a physical illness or disability can also make you feel stressed and anxious, so it might sometimes feel like your anxiety problems and physical health problems are part of a vicious circle.

Sometimes it might be difficult to work out whether your symptoms are totally related to anxiety, or might be related to a different illness. If you're experiencing any physical symptoms it's best to talk to your GP, so they can check out what may be causing them.

I constantly thought I was dying of undiagnosed illnesses, because I was convinced that the physical symptoms were too bad to be 'just anxiety'.

Other effects of anxiety

Anxiety symptoms can last for a long time, or come and go. You might find you have difficulty with day-to-day parts of your life, including:

looking after yourself
holding down a job
forming or maintaining relationships
trying new things
simply enjoying your leisure time.

In some cases anxiety can have a serious impact on your ability to work. See our pages on how to be mentally healthy at work for information on how to cope. Our legal pages on discrimination at work can provide information about your rights in the workplace.

If you drive you may have to tell the DVLA if you have an anxiety disorder. For information on your right to drive, including when and how to contact the DVLA, see our legal pages on fitness to drive.

Confronting my social anxiety at university

...I quickly felt lonely, overwhelmed and, at times, quite depressed due to my social skills, or lack thereof.

Read Max's story

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This information was published in February 2021. We will revise it in 2024.

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